Master of Business Administration – Semester

Linear programming Is a specific case of mathematical programming (mathematical optimization). More formally, linear programming is a technique for the optimization of a linear objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints. (b) A toy company manufactures two types of dolls, a basic version doll- A and a deluxe version doll-B. Each doll of type B takes twice as long to produce as one of type A, and the company would have time to make maximum of 1000 per day. The supply of plastic Is sufficient to produce 1000 dolls per day (both A & B combined).The deluxe version requires a fancy dress for which there are only 500 per day available. If the company makes a profit of RSI 3. 0 and RSI 5 per doll, respectively on doll A and B, then how many of each doll should be produced per day in order to maximize the total profit. Formulate this problem. Mans. Let XSL and XX be the number of dolls produced per day of type A and B, respectively. Let the A require t hr s. So that the doll B require at hrs. So the total time to manufacture XSL and XX dolls should not exceed 20th hrs. Therefore, + text s 20th Other constraints are simple.Then the linear programming problem becomes: Maximize p = ex. ; 5 XA Subject to restrictions, XSL + XX 1500 (Plastic constraint) XX 600 (Dress constraint) And non-negatively restrictions 2. What are the advantages of Linear programming techniques? Mans. Advantages-? 1 . The linear programming technique helps to make the best possible use of available productive resources (such as time, labor, machines etc. ) 2. It improves the quality of decisions. The individual who makes use of linear programming methods becomes more objective than subjective. 3.It also helps in providing better tools for adjustment to meet changing conditions. 4. In a production process, bottle necks may occur. For example, in a factory some machines may be in great demand while others ay lie idle for some time. A significant advantage of linear programming is highlighting of such bottle necks. 5. Most business problems involve constraints like raw materials availability, market demand etc. Which must be taken into consideration. Just we can produce so many units of product does not mean that they can be sold. Linear programming can handle such situation also. 3.Write a note on Monte-Carlo simulation. Mans. Simulation is also called experimentation in the management laboratory. While dealing with business problems, simulation is often referred to as ‘Monte Carlo Analysis'. Two American mathematicians, Von Neumann and Ulna, in the late sass found a problem in the field of nuclear physics too complex for analytical solution and too dangerous for actual experimentation. They arrived at an approximate solution by sampling. The method they used had resemblance to the gambler's betting systems on the roulette table, hence the name ‘Monte Carlo' has stuck.Imagine a betting game where the stakes are based on correct pre diction of the number of heads, which occur when five coins are tossed. If it were only a question of one coin; most people know that there is an equal likelihood of a head or a tail occurring, that is the probability of a head is h. However, without the application of probability theory, it would be difficult to predict the chances of getting various numbers of heads, when five coins are tossed. Why don't you take five coins and toss them repeatedly.Note down the outcomes of each toss after every ten tosses, approximate the probabilities of various outcomes. As you know, the values of these probabilities will initially fluctuate, but they would tend to stabilize as the number of tosses are increased. This approach in effect is a method of sampling, but is not very invention. Instead of actually tossing the coins, you can conduct the experiment using random numbers. Random numbers have the property that any number is equally likely to occur, irrespective of the digit that has alread y occurred.

Orchestra Concert

The music played throughout all of the concerts adhered to be diverse. The instruments, the individuals performing, and the conductor all proved to be outstanding. The concerts proved to be interesting as I witnessed them, first hand. The first concert I attended was performed by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra had performed Shostakovich’s â€Å"Symphony NO. 7, Leningrad† from the Romantic era. The orchestra was a large ensemble (1) containing various instruments that contributed to the overall sound of the piece. Since the orchestra was a large ensemble, just like the instrumentation common in the Romantic era, the orchestra was able to perform in a lively, vigorous manner, probably vivace (2). The orchestra performed tutti (3), in which all of the instruments of the ensemble played together. Every member of the orchestra played with exactness and steady energy, or in other words, con gusto (4). Overall, all the instruments included in the ensemble were needed for the piece to sound fanciful. In addition to the large ensemble, the orchestra played in an allargando (5) manner, in which the orchestra grew louder and then softer, which is also common to the Romantic era. As the orchestra progressed through the piece, the orchestra used various bow styles in order to dramatize the music. The ensemble played the symphony using legato, marcato (5), and spiccato (6), which contributed to the immense sound. The composer’s style of this piece was typical for the Romantic era because the composition was extensive, and included the piano, which is a well-known, as well as, important instrument in the Romantic era. The symphony, although has many characteristics included in the Romantic era, is not completely similar to other pieces that I have performed that are included in the Romantic era. Unlike the Shostakovich’s symphony, â€Å"Largo†, is a slow and steady piece that includes dynamic fluctuations. Similar to the symphony, the piece â€Å"Bacchanale† involves using marcato throughout the piece. While the orchestra was performing, the audience sat silent in order to observe the orchestra. All of the members of the orchestra seemed to be attentive to the conductor, which is important because every member of the orchestra needs to be aware of what is going to happen next in the music. The brass and the string had sections in the music, where they were the most important parts. Overall, the Dallas Symphony Orchestra performed well as a whole group. The second concert I attended was performed by the Richardson Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra performed â€Å"Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 582† by Bach, which is part of the Baroque era. The string instruments of the orchestra performed with the hair of the bow, in other words, arco (7). By using lots of motion or most commonly known as mosso (8), the orchestra increased the tension of the piece. The orchestra played at a pretty fast tempo (9), probably allegro. The piece had a distinct part where the harp played. The ensemble was large, in order to attain the full sound of the piece. The instruments played in the orchestra did not comply with the typical orchestras of the Baroque era because it did not have a distinct part where were the main instruments were the piano and the bass, or more commonly known as basso continuo (10). Along with the use of basso continuo, the orchestra used ornamentation by adding grace notes (11) throughout the piece. The Baroque era also included the doctrine of affections (12), in which the Richardson Symphony Orchestra demonstrated by playing faster notes to demonstrate happiness. The style of the composer was distinctive of the Baroque era because he use both ornamentation and doctrine of affections. The bow stroke of the piece that was mostly used was legato. Unlike the piece we previously played in orchestra which is also part of the Baroque era (â€Å"Allegro in D for Strings†), the piece the symphony performed did not have the marcato stroke. My favorite part of the whole composition was when the harp was playing distinctly, but overall the orchestra played magnificently. The intonation of the orchestra was precise and all of the members of the orchestra played well as a whole. The orchestra also performed â€Å"Concerto #23 in A major, K. 488† by Mozart, which is part of the Mozart era. The orchestra included many instruments, as well as the piano, which had a very important part in the piece. The piano seemed to have the solo (13) in the piece. The use of the piano is not a standard to the classical era, although it contributed to the overall sound of the piece. The piece that the orchestra performed was extensive, which is a common characteristic of the Classical era. The composition reflected a fanciful style, known as caprice (14). The composer used some of the typical characteristics of the Classical era, by making the piece lengthier than those of the Baroque era, but the composer also added a twist by using the piano. The orchestra used both legato and marcato to reflect a whimsical style. The composition most likely included cue notes (15), in order to guide the players who were not playing while the piano was. Similarly to the piece that the Richardson Symphony Orchestra performed, â€Å"Menuetto† by Mozart also reflects a fanciful style that uses legato. The composition that the orchestra performed made me feel light-hearted. All of the professional musicians that performed had paid attention to the piano solo, in addition to paying attention to the conductor. Most of the string instruments used the middle part of their bow, in order to play quickly which reflected a fast sound. All of the professional concerts that I attended were a great learning experience but were also a blast to watch.

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature Review - Essay Example History is replete with such instances including the Arab-Israeli war of 1948-1949 and the Balkan Crisis which ended in the breaking up of former Yugoslavia into Croat, Serb, and Bosnian states. The problem with the brokered peace in such wars is that multi-lateral agreements stem from frivolous motives. The author argues that the UN would be better off assisting the strong overcome the weak for lasting peace. Instead the peace making efforts only add to the continuity of the war by encouraging the weaker forces to remain as refugees and make for potential outbreaks of hostility, as is seen in Rwanda. The UN peace keeping forces are usually ineffective in ensuring a lasting peace through the proper use of force and the usual outcome of UN and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) peace keeping efforts is the creation of refugee nations, as is the case with Palestinians living in scattered refugee camps in the Middle-East. It is in these refugee camps that resentment of their plight and the respite provided by the peace keeping efforts that lengthens the conflict. There should be the political will not to unnecessarily intervene in wars. Powerful nations like the United States of America should discourage multi-lateral efforts to bring about peace. New rules should be created to ensure that refugee relief by the UN does not allow the creation of refugee camps, but instead repatriation, local absorption, and emigration should be encouraged to prevent any permanency of the refugee camps. These measures may seem perverse but in keeping with the paradoxical logic that wars bring peace. The strength of this article lies in its highlighting of the ineffectiveness of the peace making efforts by the UN and international bodies, whereby there is hardly any resolution the war remain, but instead it creates permanency to the presence of conflict in a

Emergency Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Emergency Management - Research Paper Example An emergency manager should have concrete knowledge on disaster planning, applicable federal and state laws, services for emergency management, how to prepare management plans for emergency needs (Personal information from Manager Anderson). He/she should be a good public administrator and a good team leader who can lead a team effectively. He/she should be one who can evaluate and analyze a problem and give effective ideas on how to deal with the problem at hand. They should also have traits of calmness under emergency and stressful situations and portray that calmness outwardly. They should have the ability to maintain effective working relationships with officials at the local setup and beyond. They should also be firm decision makers with excellent communication skills. (Personal information from Coordinator Scott) Resilience and passion for work is also crucial for every emergency manager. Today’s and tomorrow’s managers in the emergency department will succeed in serving the society when they give their work the best that they can. (Personal information, Manager Anderson) Hopson (2012) in his publication: Emergency management, states how the role of an emergency manager was thought of as a quiet one, more so relegated to officials of an agency that were appointed to the position of a collateral duty.He states how that is not the case in the recent years. Emergency Managers’ role has been that of resource and coordination with local government partners when there is an emergency. The Emergency Managers currently have an additional role of Homeland security. Manager Anderson agrees with Hopson’s literature. He states that the role of Emergency Management cannot be overemphasized in today’s society. That it is key and important. Today’s Emergency manager faces issues of maintaining an all-hazards approach to emergency management so as to incorporate special needs of terrorism. The Federal Response

A Nestle breakfast cereal (market opportunities, product strategy and Essay

A Nestle breakfast cereal (market opportunities, product strategy and next steps) - Essay Example On the other hand, market remains competitive with competition from pastries, cereal bars and biscuits as well as porridges. It is interesting to note that the consumers over 50, given their need for greater convenience and behavior of eating more at home may be inclined towards â€Å"hot cereal† products. These hot cereals offer an even more convenient breakfast option for consumers along with a more portable â€Å"pot† format for the cereal. They also reflect the deep-seated cultural tradition of eating â€Å"hot oats† or â€Å"hot biscuits† across continental Europe (Culliney, 2013). Considering that individuals over 50 tend to prescribe to age-old traditions, this may seem just the right option. Our competitor, Kellogg’s, has already stepped into this market by providing its â€Å"Special K Nourish† product (Culliney, 2013). Considering that consumers over 50 years tend to use the microwave or steam for the preparation of their cereals, h ot cereals provide just the right opportunity to capitalize this. Furthermore, targeting the mental health of consumers over 50 presents a vast opportunity for breakfast cereals sellers. Although manufacturers have traditionally focused on good health of the brain and heart by providing low cholesterol, sugar or fats to this age bracket, it is now time to shift the focus towards catering to the cognitive areas of development in these individuals. Deterioration in mental health, such as Alzheimer’s disease, is common in the older segment; however, few companies have made claims in the area (Culliney, 2012). Considering that individuals over 50 years constitute a major proportion of purchases of breakfast cereals, a growth in the market for fortified cereals is anticipated. Further growth can be achieved by altering the ingredients used in these cereals. For instance, omega-3, linseed, chia seeds, flax seed and poppy seeds could be added to enrich the nutritional value of these breakfast cereals (Culliney, 2012). Fortified cereals that include special ingredients such as zinc, iodine and GABA could be provided to this age group. Most importantly, segmenting via age could be a misleading idea. It is wrong to assume that consumers aged 55-75, for instance, have similar needs because they do not (Culliney, 2012). For instance, it would be useful to create sub- segments in this age group such as thrivers, seniors, elders and survivors. Furthermore, individuals over 50 dislike the idea of being overtly targeted at on the basis of their age (Hought, 2008). Therefore, marketing should be aimed at health benefits or other perceived benefits of the cereal rather than age. 2. Product Strategy Nestle has not yet tapped the highly profitable segment of hot cereals. This comes as a surprise since our competitor, Kellogg’s, has already launched its hot cereal â€Å"pots† which could lure consumers over 50 looking towards microwave cereals. Therefore, our company shall introduce an entirely new product named â€Å"Nestle Live Long Hot Pots† which would offer greater indulgence for our over 50 consumers who spend longer time having breakfast. This product would not only be low in terms of calories but also low in sugar and, therefore, safe for individuals with diabetes in this target group. However, low calories shall not be the thrust of this product as consumers want high nutritional value and not just low

Talent Development and Capability in Sunny Optical Dissertation

Talent Development and Capability in Sunny Optical - Dissertation Example When the four dimensions of emotional intelligence pursuant to Coleman’s model are examined, the value for talent retention and attraction is obvious. These four dimensions of emotional intelligence are the cornerstone of â€Å"effective primal leadership† (Pahl 2008, p. 8). Leaders will not be able to manage their emotions if they are not aware of their own emotions. As a result, their ability to cope with and manage organization relationships will be compromised. Also tied to self-awareness is self-confidence. A confident leader inspires trust from within the organizations. This is important because, talented employees are more likely to remain with an organization lead by a self-confident leader (Pierce and Newstrom 2002). The self-management dimension of emotional intelligence is also important to talent retention and attraction because it is tied to control of one’s emotions and will likely be accompanied by transparent leadership, the ability to adapt, high achievement, initiative and optimism. What this means is that by being transparent, Wu exhibits key elements of trustworthiness: honesty and integrity. Being able to adapt means that Wu has the necessary ability to adapt to the new labour law and low available talent and to overcome these challenges. Achievement means that Wu has the determination to enhance performance and talent and to meet these objectives. Being possessed of initiative, Wu is ready to act and to take advantage of any opportunity that arises (Pahl 2008). Social awareness is perhaps the most important trait associated with emotional intelligence for resolving the challenges for SO. Social awareness involves empathy and manifests the basic ability to sense and predict the emotions of others and to show understanding and interest... The paper demonstrates how the emotional intelligence is a good way to retain and attract talent and thus if channelled properly. The drive to attract and retain talent is important for the success of any organization. Ultimately, organizations will stand or fall on its talent. The key issues are whether or not Wu and the remainder of the management team at SO are making the correct decisions relative to where to invest finances and human capital and whether or not they have the wherewithal to ensure that the organization is innovative and competitive. This report identifies the challenges for achieving this objective and recommends ways that SO can overcome these challenges to meet its talent retention goals. As a result of the difficulties associated with coming into direct contact with leaders, the following recommendations are made so that SO capitalizes on its CEO’s emotional intelligence for the purpose of retaining and attracting talent. To start with, SO is a knowledge intensive organization with its emphasis on quality products and innovation. Finally and more importantly, as the paper says, Wu should take steps to ensure that he is personally available to his staff so that they can be influenced by his emotional intelligence. It is not enough that he meets weekly with other management. In the meantime, funds and resources should be allocated to training and education so that all staff members will have the opportunity to develop talent.

Language Learning Autobiography and Pre-Analysis Essay

Language Learning Autobiography and Pre-Analysis - Essay Example At first, this was a very challenging task as I did not have even the basic necessary level of English to understand or implement in my other studies. However . Later I found that ESL was very important for me as it helped me in my learning process. Though I had studied English in Korea, but that was only about basic vocabulary because my teachers there adopted a Grammar Translation approach to teaching language and hence, the focus was on grammar and no emphasis on speaking and listening. Thus, even though I succeeded in putting few sentences together orally, they had poor pronunciation, grammatical errors and repetitive words due to limited vocabulary. This made me realize that apart from the lack of speaking and listening practice , the traditional Korean approach did not work for me because it focused repetition and parroting rather than providing the opportunity of actually using the language. I also noticed that the teaching system , approach and methods here in Canada are very different from that of Korea as language learning here focuses on all four major skills- reading ,writing ,listening and speaking .Also the teaching is more student focused rather than the teacher providing all the input and the student being a passive learner. Here in Canada, I have become more of an autonomous learner and am able to understand how I best study and learn. In other words, I am more aware of my learning styles and patterns that best work for me. ESL curriculum should therefore, emphasize more on training in language learning strategies and help students be more aware of the learning patterns. As an ESL teacher, I would try to ensure my knowledge and ability in all possible ways in which students learn and also try to develop lessons by considering visual, auditory and kinesthetic learners. On reflection, I realized that at first my strategy was to imitate. Although I did not completely understand the teacher’s instructions, I was able to follow by imitating and taking the lead from the peers. The English teacher would usually teach a new language point and then start with class choral work before moving on to formation of small groups, par work and then individual responses. This allowed me the opportunity to imitate the other students and thus not only improve my language knowledge but to improve my pronunciation as well. My experience therefore coincides with the point of view given by Skinner, (cited in Coelho, 2004, p.142) who states that imitation through repetition is important in early stages of acquiring a first language and learning a second language. I l earnt and acquired English not only by study but also by social interaction with teachers and peers (both local and ESL students) which necessitated me to pull on or extract the language I already knew and manipulate it according to the situation in hand. In other words, this interaction provided me an opportunity to use English for communication rather than only for classroom intent. A new culture and totally different curriculum proved difficult initially as was a little apprehensive to so many changes , but due to the help form ESL teachers and proficient English speaking peers , I not only learnt fluent English but I also faired well in other subjects. Thus, as the school and classroom atmosphere worked in my favor, learning and acquiring my second language was not as tough. Vygotsky (cited in Coelho, 2004, p.146) states that when a child is acquiring their first language they learn best by interacting with peers that are at a higher level in language development than themselves they will learn better. He calls this the child’s proximal development zone, which is defined as the level just beyond where the child is at. I now

3.1 reading report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3.1 reading report - Essay Example Direct sales continue to be a growing phenomenon in all parts of the world. This is partly because of the intensity of competition between various manufacturing companies. It would be noted that marketing is the middle entity that comes between manufacturing and consumption (Krause, 2009). This means that if good and products that are produced are not marketed, they remain liabilities for their producers. But it has never been easy for producers to get their produces marketed because of competition. It is against this background that several companies have devised what may be described as non-orthodox means of marketing. This non-orthodox means is to get people who sell products on a face-to-face basis to consumers (Fox, 2008). As direct selling gained prominence, another component of it, which has to do with multi-level direct marketing, emerged. It is for the sake of the difference in approaches namely single-level and multi-level that researchers have often tried to investigate th e impact that these difference create. The study was conducted through a survey research design whereby the researcher formed a sample size from 22 different companies. The researcher proceeded to design a data collection instrument in the form of a questionnaire, with which data were collected from respondents by the use of mailed questionnaire. With the fact that the research design was influenced by survey, it means that the researcher was to generalize all data collected from respondents with the larger direct sales population within the setting of the research. The major managerial implications deducted from the study have to do with the trend of recruitment of marketers. This is because the study showed that the best group of population to take up single-level direct selling is people who would want to hook unto those jobs as permanent workers. For this reason, it is best to recruit young people who

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PORE PRESSURE PREDICTION USING PORE PRESSURE Thesis

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PORE PRESSURE PREDICTION USING PORE PRESSURE DATA FROM OFFSET WELLS FOR FUTURE WELL PLANNING - Thesis Example 2013; Francis 2013). The latest technologies will be applied in regards to methods and paradigms of the forecasting of the fracture gradient and the forecasting of the pore pressure. The most effective practices in the estimation of pore pressures from the seismic velocity information will be applied. The most effective methods which are used in the industry with regards to the approximation of the formation pressure will be explored. A great deal of the information which is collected in the discipline of well planning is derived from the well production crews. This thesis will incorporate a data base of information in addition to the information which is derived from a survey of the well production crews in order to validate the hypothesis. The well production crews are the initial source of information from which the conditions of the wells are derived. This thesis will also incorporate a database of information which is pressure directed from a diverse number of wells with different characteristics. These wells are found in deep water, offshore, swamp land and the Niger Delta environment. The data which is collected from the oil well production crews will be applied in order to ascertain the best practices for effective well drilling and maintenance. Well planning is the most substantial stage of the drilling engineering process. Well planning has the requisite of the application of engineering theories, the personal and organizational perspectives and the factors of experiential knowledge. Notwithstanding that well planning procedures may be different for different implementations within the petroleum exploration and extraction industry, the final outcome must be a cost avoidant hole, which satisfies industry and government safety requirements for the petroleum extraction engineer’s requisites for oil and gas extraction processes (Eren 2010). 2.

National budget deficit and sources for its financing Dissertation

National budget deficit and sources for its financing - Dissertation Example Data Collection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 c. Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 V. DISCUSSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.16 a. Major Patterns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.18 b. Relationships†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..19 c. Elements Underlying the Patterns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 d. The Connection to the Original Question†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 e. The Implications of this Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.28 f. A Discussion of Security†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..28 g. Conclusions Derived From the Research and Discussion About Security†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.40 VI. CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.43 VII. ... national budget to grow continually. I. INTRODUCTION (200 words) Indeed, one might wonder whether the U.S. has made a Faustian bargain with China in order to keep its wheels turning. In order to perpetuate the huge political machine and superpower that is the United States, the U.S. made such a deal. â€Å"Faust, in the legend, traded his soul to the devil  in exchange for knowledge. To ‘strike a Faustian bargain’ is to be willing to sacrifice anything to satisfy a limitless desire for knowledge or power† (â€Å"Faustian Bargain,† 2011, pgh. 1). Has the United States sold out its livelihood in order to buy cheap goods from China? It will be argued here that this merits to be true—and that the consequences could be horrible. The United States is one of the greatest superpowers on earth and yet it has two deficits which are absolutely staggering. What is perhaps most troubling, however, is the national budget deficit. Here it will be attempted to exp lain why the U.S. continually spends in order to buy goods from China, China’s willingness in selling products to the U.S., and any kind of relationship that the U.S. and China share which have made their trading part of business as usual in an ever-expanding market. II. LITERATURE REVIEW (1000 words) One of the major problems that is currently being dealt with is a national budget deficit crisis that will not go away. Not only that, but Republicans and Democrats—the two major parties in the U.S.—are divided as to how to go about cutting the national budget deficit. â€Å"With Congress stalemated over trimming a $1.6 trillion U.S. budget deficit, House Republicans [are pushing]†¦the ‘YouCut’ program[, which will] trim Congress’s expenses by printing

Ethical Lens Essay Example for Free

Ethical Lens Essay During the Ethical Lens Inventory exercise that I did, I learned that I do not really have a personal preferred ethical lens. I see the gifts and the weaknesses of each lens and I am able to move fluidly among them to adapt the right tools to each situation to assure the best outcome. I am able to use my reasoning skills to determine my duties, as well as the universal rules and the systems that will assure fairness and justice for everyone. I also listen to my intuition to determine the greatest good for each individual, as well as the virtues that will best serve the community. I have either a mature ability to use the right tools in a given situation or a paralyzed belief that everyone has a valid point. Although each of us has preferred lens, some who are ethically mature and able to use the tools of all the lenses, adapting them as appropriate in a given situation, test in the center of the grid. Others who test in the center of the grid actually have underdeveloped ethical skills. Those without skills tend to be paralyzed by their ability to see all sides and are too desperate to please everyone. I personally think I do more of the being desperate to please everyone than the not being able to see all sides of the situation. I was able to get this information from the exercise I did at: http://www. ethicsgame. com/Exec/Eli/EthicalLensResults. aspx? R=1 My Core Values are: Autonomy, Equality, Rationality and Sensibility. I value autonomy and equality equally and I value rationality and sensibility equally. My Classic Values are: Temperance, Prudence, Justice and Fortitude. I am able to manifest all four classic virtues depending on what the circumstances require. My Key Phrase is: â€Å"I make ethical choices for myself and others. † I am able to see myself and others clearly, therefore I do not make assumptions about why people act the way they do or how things should be done. My Definition of Ethical Behavior is: Doing the Right Thing. I tend to hold this high standard for myself but I do not judge others who fall short, so long as their intentions were honorable. My Tools for Analyzing Problems are: Reason, Experience, Authority and Tradition. I am comfortable using all available tools to analyze a problem. These can include critical thinking skills, reference to experts, my own past experience and the traditions of the community. My Gift to the community is balance among all four lenses, because I can see the benefits of each of the lenses and I can use the tools of all of them. The mature expression of this position has no blind spot. I am able to see both the strengths and the weaknesses of each lens and to harmonize the four core values of autonomy, equality, rationality and sensibility. Discernment comes with ethical maturity and provides direction in specific situations. My Risk is: Inaction. I run the risk of seeing everything and deciding nothing if I am not self-aware. As one who sees the legitimacy of everyone’s point of view, I am particularly prone to delay or outright inaction. My Temptation is: Superiority. Believing that my balanced vantage point gives me a superior ability to resolve ethical dilemmas, I may convince myself that I have all the answers and do not need any input from others. My Vice is: Insistence on Agreement. By insisting that everyone validate all points of view as I do before moving forward, I become tyrannical and may actually provoke dissenters into sabotaging the process as the only way they feel they can maintain the integrity of their different viewpoint. My Crisis is: Confusion. Unless I develop the practice of mindfulness and reflection, at some point I will become confused and find that I have lost my moral compass. The downside of being able to see everyone else’s perspective is that I can lose track of my own. My Seeing Clearly is: Listen to my heart; use my head; act with confidence. To see more clearly, I need to first consider the nature of the problem. Then I need to use both my head and my heart to discern which course of action will best manifest interdependence. Once I have assessed the ramifications of the various options, I will need to act with confidence and courage. Although there may be more than one way to resolve a problem, some actually are better than others. I think I could use my personal ethics to determine a course of action by knowing how I feel about the situation along with all the circumstances involving the situation.

Business Culture in India and China

Business Culture in India and China Introduction: With much of the world watching the emerging economic power of china, there are two things often overlooked. The first is that India is undergoing an equally dramatic economic evolution. The second is that this growth will have big implications for the meetings and exhibitions sectors that we all operate in (Buckeley, 2006). Undoubtedly, both India and china will emerge as economic power by 2050 (approx) but they are very different from each other in many aspects. It has also been seen that strengths of India often becomes weaknesses of china strengths of china often becomes weaknesses of India. For e.g. India is knows as service industry and china is known as manufacturing industry (Buckeley, 2006). By 2030, Indias population overtake population of china. As Chinas population will see a drop by 2030 because of gender imbalance that is caused by one child policy (Buckeley, 2006). Also favoured by male preference syndrome. This in-turn will cause many problems, which will have impact on population distribution. China has got developed in the past 5-7 years because of infra structure funding from its central government. As per the survey done by ICCA 120 world-class convention centres are expected to be in operational by 2040 (Buckeley, 2006). Besides this, Beijing Olympics (2008) and world expo (2010 sha nghai) will prove as a legend in the development of China. On the other hand, India has constructed many conference and exhibition centres in the major cities of India that are New Delhi, Kerala, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Hyderabad. But both of these countries are very different from each other in terms of airports, highways, railways and other public amenities in which china is far ahead of India (Buckeley, 2006). Indian culture is distinct in its own way which further has an impact on business culture followed in India. Dealing the Indian business counter-parts in their way is highly appreciable. Some examples on how to deal with Indian business counter-parts are Namaste is used to meet greet each other (it is done by bowing the chin and placing the folded hands underneath of chin). Instead of this, these days educated people in India prefer to shake hands to greet each other (Trade Chakra, 2008). Adequate knowledge of Indian business etiquettes is significant to carry out a business successfully in India. Indian hospitality is famous in the world therefore; business travelers can feast the Indian hospitality. It is not baffling if appointments are cancelled, re-scheduled or postpone. Patience is the key to success in India. Indians are quite proficient in English language. Organization structure follows from top to bottom in which decision-making is generally done at top level (Trade Chakr a, 2008). Chinese culture is distinct in its own way which further has an impact on business culture followed in China. Chinese greeting is special in its own way. Thus, it forms an important part in making a first impression. As said, first impression is last impression. In china people are greeted according to their position or status, which means person at top level, is greeted then its followed to middle and then to bottom level (Ingram, 2009). Trend of exchanging business cards is in bulky. Exchanging gifts is yet another important aspect of doing business in China. People are formally dressed in China during business meetings, conferences. Formal behavior at professional level is appreciated. Punctuality at meetings, appointments are pretty essential (Ingram, 2009). As per World Business Culture (2010) India in Figures: Land Area: 3, 287,263 sq km Population: 1,081m Population density: 329 sq km Life expectancy: Men 63 yrs Women 67 yrs Adult literacy: 61% Average per household: 5.3 Divorces per 1,000: Unknown The Economy: Currency: Indian Rupee GDP: US$ 691bn GDP per heads: US$ 640 Employment (% of total): Agriculture 60% Industry 17% Services 23% Unemployed 4% Main Exports: Type: Engineering goods Jewellery gems Textiles Chemicals Agricultural goods Destinations: (% total) USA 20% China 8% UK 5% United Arab Emirates 8% Main Imports: Type: Petroleum product Capital goods Gold and silver Electronic goods Gems Main countries of origin: USA 7% Belgium 6% China 6% Singapore 5% As per World Business Culture (2010) China in Figures: Land Area: 9, 560,900 Population: 1,313m Population density: 136 sq km Life expectancy: Men 71 yrs Women 75 yrs Adult literacy: 91% Average per household: 3.5 Divorces per 1,000: 0.8 The Economy: Currency: Yuan GDP: US$1,932bn GDP per heads: US$1,470 Employment (% of total): Agriculture 50% Industry 22% Services 29% Unemployed 4% Main Exports: Type: Office equipment Clothing Telecoms equipment Electrical machinery Footwear Destinations: (% total) USA 21% Hong Kong 17% Japan 12% South Korea 5% Germany 4% Main Imports: Type: Electrical machinery Petroleum products Professional scientific instruments Office equipment other machinery Main countries of origin: Japan 17% Taiwan 12% South Korea 11% USA 8% Germany 6% Background to business in India and China: In terms of area India is far bigger than Europe with a population of more than 100 billion. India is 7th largest country in the world. It is divided into 29 states and 6 union territories. With this kind of structure India forms a big market for foreigners to invest in Indian market and to mint profit out of it (World Business Culture, 2010). Apparently because of large population, disposable income in India is huge. Therefore, which in turns increases the spending power of people. Also, India enjoys favourable geographical location in the world, which proves to be boon for industries in various aspects (World Business Culture, 2010). Nevertheless, existence of caste system structures hierarchy in India business where boss is the supreme power and is actually a BOSS whereas when 21st century started, the peoples Republic of China found that social, economic, and cultural transition is on swing (World Business Culture, 2010). The old certainties, which had an autocratic type of rule during the rule of Mao Zedong, substituted by Deng Xiaoping who had more liberal policies. But, those policies were unclear. As per world business culture (2010) The pursuit of profit is no longer counter-revolutionary and business people have long since ceased being viewed as enemies of the people. Yet the Communist Party is still in power and shows little appetite for any of the political reform so much clamored for by the West. (World business culture, 2010). Business Culture in India and China: Relationship building is very important factor in India esp. at professional level. In India trend of giving ideal deals to known person is followed. Therefore, more you maintain the cordial and friendly relations more it is useful (Business maps of India, 2010), where as Chinese follow very formal relationships in business. It is not that they are not humorous but might because of language problem; humor at times can become rude. Also, while doing business there, you should always establish a contact with a person who can act as an intermediator. This will help in solving problem of language, bureaucracy and legal system networks (Kwintessential, 2010). In India meeting are to be re-scheduled well in advance and are supposed to be fixed either in writing or on phone. Once you are in meeting room, the initial conversation starts with some favourite topics like cricket, business news or some latest happenings. In the terms punctuality Indians lag behind. They would expect punctuality but they themselves wont be punctual. Delay in scheduled time by 1 hour or 2 hour is normal (Business maps of India, 2010), on the contrary in China, in the terms of scheduling a meeting, it is advisable to schedule a meeting prior in advance. Also, it is required to provide with some prior literature to introduce the company. Well, punctuality is utmost important factor. Once meeting is started then the initial talks should be based upon your experiences in china so far. Always send an agenda of meeting prior to meeting, as itll help in controlling the flow of meeting (Kwintessential, 2010). Process of decision-making is pretty slow in India esp. if some business deal has to be finalised on the basis of some prior negotiation or meetings or some discussions. Top-level management does the decision-making. You can expect the favourable decision by building the friendly relations with person concerned (Business maps of India, 2010). But, the process of business in China flows in hierarchy. Chinese are consensus players in terms of business. They lay cultural emphasis on group orientation along-with individual desires and needs. People are generally inclined towards family despite they belong to various other groups (World Business Culture, 2010). The decision-making process is quite slow in India. Indians dont solely rely on presentations, good work or statistical data. They also depend upon with beliefs, customs or inner conscious. Usually the major decisions are taken by top level and day to day life decision are taken by middle or low level management (Business maps of India, 2010). On the contrary process of decision-making is slow in china. You have to be patient and should never show expression as itll have negative impact on Chinese business counter-parts. It is said that you should show your best poker face before negotiating with them. In case you show your weakness, there are strong possibilities that theyll exploit you. Decisions are not taken in urgency because simultaneous negotiations are going on with other competitors (Kwintessential, 2010). During any part of negotiation if the Indian business counter-parts comes to conclusion like well see, well try or something like that, then it surely indicates no. As Indians dont directly say NO. They tend to make various excuses (Business maps of India, 2010), whereas Chinese are famous for their negotiations skills. They mainly lay stress on concessions. While making the strategy for doing business in china, it should be always be kept in mind that you are able enough to show little compromise and ensure that Chinese negotiators have gained some concessions. The famous strategy of Chinese is to show themselves as weak and vulnerable so that they can expect some huge concessions (Kwintessential, 2010). The custom of gift giving is a vital part in Indian business. Thought it is likely in a way that the instead of person receiving gift say thanks, it is the person who gives gift say thanks. Though it sounds absurd, but it is like that. You should always be cautious while gifting something like never gift beef to Hindu, alcohol to Muslims or tobacco products to Sikhs (World Business Culture, 2010). In the comparison with china the custom of gift giving is in vogue in china. Gifts are exchanged for celebrations. Gifts act as a sweet favor to Chinese business counter-parts. However, Chinese wont mind if you ask them what kind of gift they want. But, you should always keep in mind that same gifts are to be presented to the people of same level of hierarchy in an organization. Top-level people are supposed to given the gifts in the first instance (Kwintessential, 2010). The major problem in china is of language. In china large number of people speaks Mandarin as well as it is an official dialect. English language level is poor in china. No doubt, English speakers are there in china but there ratio is very less also there command over language is not very good. Therefore, communicating in china is troublesome which can cause misunderstandings and mistranslation. Thus, it is always advisable to hire a translator for doing business in china successfully (World Business Culture, 2010), whereas in India the situation is not as bad as of china. In India large number of average people have good command over English language. English has become 2nd language in India after native language of India i.e. Hindi. All the official correspondence is made in English. Therefore, in India you can do business without a translator. Well in India, business attire is generally formal wear. Men prefer shirt and a pant in summers and blazer or suit in winter while women wear saris or suits (Business maps of India, 2010), whereas Chinese prefers conservative formal business suits during formal meeting or conferences. Both men and women prefer them. During informal gatherings or during summer season they prefer wearing short sleeves shirts or t-shirts and jeans (Ingram, 2009). China as manufacturing industry: China has emerged itself as manufacturing excellence country. Thus, has become one of the largest exporters of the world. Gross Domestic Product of China has increased at tremendous pace and has become worlds 2nd largest economy based on purchasing power parity. This is all because of its manufacturing excellence. In the past exports of china has increased by 15% per year. As per Rowan (2003) China now makes 50% of worlds telephones, 17% of refrigerators, 41% of video monitors, 23% of washing machines, 30% of ACs and 30 % of colour televisions (Rowan 2003). Key sectors of manufacturing in china are electronics and automotive components. Electronic Industry of china is famous all across the globe. China is the largest exporter of electronics in the world. China produces all types of electronic goods starting from household home appliances to semi-conductors. The various favorable factors have combined together and have led china onto the path of opulence. Preferential government poli cy i.e. china trade and industrial policy has added a comparative advantage to china. In most of countries government policies often has an adverse effect on business. But, in china it has proved beneficial. China government has taken several steps in industrialization of targeted industry by advancing them preferential loans, public research, trade promotion, sector specific financial incentives, selective government procurement and control on foreign participation (Linden, 2003). Also, chinas open door policy has attracted foreign direct investment, which has proved a boon. It has helped in building factories, creating jobs, linking china to international markets etc. local supplier network of china is also developing because foreign companies are investing time and money. China has laid its sole stress on building up superior infrastructure required for growth of manufacturing sector. It has strengthened its road and rail network to enhance transport facilities, which are require d in transportation of goods. China has built 25000 kms of expressways. Also, has taken steps to reduce congestion on railway lines. China has also taken steps to ensure constant supply of electricity which is yet another important factor of production. Cheap labour in china has played a major role in development of manufacturing sector. Thus, has attracted many international companies to re-locate their manufacturing units in china. India as service industry: Service sector in India has sown a tremendous growth especially in last decade. Service sector in India means information technology sector. Information technology sector is further stretched onto four sectors Information technology services, Information technology Information technology enabled services, software and e-business. These sectors combine for 2008 annual revenue forecast of $87B, (Embassy of India, 2010), with numerous analysts suggesting higher revenue. Highlighting the rapid growth of IT in India, software was a small $150MM industry in 1991, but grew to $5.7B in 2000, an annual growth rate of 50%. (Embassy of India, 2010). The way public and private sectors have contributed towards the growth of information technology sector in India is like an example for other developing countries. Many factors have helped India to lead success in service industry. Government played a passive role in growth of service industry. Neither government helped nor it interfered in growth of service industry. Like other industries in India, information technology industries had the same procedure for starting it (Farrell, 2004). Initially government did not expect this kind of growth in this sector. Later on even after when government realised the growth and government introduce the concept of SEZs to encourage IT industries, then also they were not able to attract foreign investors. Thus it can be said that IT sector in India grew despite of any effort by the government. Existence of large numbers of English language speakers has also showed a path of success. Also, it helped in making India a main destination for customer services like call centres and billing tasks. Thus, it can be said that Indias IT industry grew to business process offshoring i.e. BPO. Post independence, economy was not favorable to entrepreneurs. As the economy grew, number of entrepreneurs also increased at a tremendous pace because it was easy to set-up a technical service company as compare d to other manufacturing units. Therefore, it gave a birth to IT industry in India. Many hi-tech areas were developed in cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad that in turn boosted the service industry in India. Conclusion: Inspite of so many cultural differences between both the countries and differences in various other aspects in the terms of land area, population, population density, literacy, GDP growth, employment, imports and exports both the countries are showing significant progress. Both, India and China are showing progress in different fields. China is further taking steps to grow their manufacturing sector. At the same time they are lacking in the growth of service sector. Similarly, India is also taking steps to enhance their service sector but not able to enhance the manufacturing sector. In order to enhance manufacturing sector India has to strengthen their infrastructure, development of human resources. Also, has to take necessary steps to attract FDI by providing them subsidies, easy financial services, development of infrastructure, easy FDI regulations etc. Likewise, China has to strengthen their service sector to support manufacturing sector. Till now, the softwares that are being p roduced in china are catering the need of domestic consumers. Therefore, China has to lay emphasis on export-oriented growth of service sector. Until now, china has targeted to grow service sector by various science parks. But, Prospective growth in service sector would be possible by encouraging entrepreneur and less government interference. Therefore, we can say that both the countries are taking crucial ladder towards the escalation to reach pinnacles.

Child Soldiering In Uganda And Sierra Leone

Child Soldiering In Uganda And Sierra Leone A child soldier is an individual categorized as a youth that is recruited by government military and rebel forces to fight, kill, loot, destroy property, lay mines, act as messengers and sometimes used as a sexual slave (Kimmel and Roby, 2007). Children lose their sense of identity, otherwise called lost children, and are found wielding small weapons and taking the lives of others (Druba, 2002). Child Soldiering is evident in European, African, Asian and South American countries, although the focus of this essay will be on child soldiers in Uganda and Sierra Leone, where the issue has been prevalent for many years. These countries have been in a state of war for a prolonged period of time. This causes Uganda and Sierra Leone to be affected in numerous ways such as heavy drains on resources like land, labour and capital. In a war-torn country, these problems are likely to allow for a lowered respect of peoples human worth in respect to military service, making children an easy prey (H oiskar, 2001). According to The United Nations Childrens Fund (commonly known as UNICEF), there is an estimated 300, 000 youth that are involved in the practice of child soldiering today. Due to the harsh conditions that these children are faced with and the effects that they have on these children, a gruelling reality is unfolded. Child soldiering has been coined one of the worst forms of child abuse and labour (Kimmel and Roby, 2007). Many would believe that children are forcibly recruited into rebel forces. They would be correct, although many also join voluntarily. Some reasons for voluntary entry of youth into military roles are for fear of their lives, to protect their families, and for opportunities like access to food and clothing for those who are impoverished. Sadly many of these children that join out of their own free will, never see their families again and are typically estranged from their family members purposely by rebel forces in order to gain control and authority over the youths . It benefits the rebel groups if the children gain a sense of inclusion and belonging within the military setting to ensure they will not seek better opportunities outside of their services and also try to re-establish ties with their families. Doing such things would likely stop these children from re-entering the forces voluntarily (Hoiskar, 2001). To consider a circumstance in which children were forcibly recruited into the military in Uganda is the Lords Resistance Army. War has devastated Northern Uganda since 1986 (Sverker 2006). There is a popular rebel group called the LRA or Lords Resistance Army. They overthrew the Ugandan government and were known for abducting children. The forcible recruitment of child soldiers is common not only to the LRA but other rebel groups in the third world because child labour is widely known to be cheap and therefore poses many benefits. Many of the youth abducted by this group were taken during night raids on rural homes, counting anywhere from 60, 000 80, 000 children. These abductions were known to last from one day to ten years, averaging eight months approximately. The children were given only a few months of training and not long after this were they given guns (Annan and Blattman, 2010). The Lords Resistance Army also affected Sierra Leone. Since the beginning of the civil war in 1991, one million children have been displaced and some of these children on more than one occasion. Fifteen to twenty thousand have become members of this armed group, most of them being under the age of ten years old. Sierra Leone is greatly concerned with the reintegration of these children abducted by the LRA (MacMullin and Loughry, 2004). Although child soldiering is not a recent phenomenon it has substantially increased since the end of the Cold War. Not only are numbers increasing but there is also great difficulty in implementing international legal standards due to reasons such as failed states, internal conflicts, organized crime, minorities and vulnerable groups and mobile or displaced populations. When looking at modern societies that underwent transformations with the establishment of the minimum age for service in national armed forces, populations began to be controlled by mandatory public schooling and general conscription, examples being the scout movement and physical education. In attempts to better Uganda and Sierra Leones standing on the issue of child soldiering, one of the main problems seems to be declining educational background and poor reintegration of the child soldiers (Vautravers, 2008). Problems such as educational decline and poor reintegration of these war-torn children into these African societies have a devastation impact on the economy. With little attention to integration programs in the third world and great difficulty with implementing international policies on child labour such as military service, earnings and occupational opportunities for these children drop. These factors affect labour market success greatly (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Child soldiering in the third world is a topic of importance to me. In high school I took part in a fundraising charity for which I and many other students raised enough money to restore seven child soldiers in Africa. This event opened my eyes to the issue of child soldiering, particularly in Uganda and Sierra Leone, where statistics show it is most prevalent. In this essay I will be arguing that Uganda and Sierra Leones tendency to replace adult soldiers with youths is due to as well as contributing to their destitute e conomy. Theoretical Backing: Taking a look at Modernization theory, child soldiering is deemed backward or immoral in comparison to Westernized ideals. The history of child labour in Western societies is related to the history of how children were partners in a family economy. For example, in the eighteenth century, industrialization led to the employment of very small children. Transitioning into the nineteenth century, children played an important role in key industries like coal mining and textiles. The use of children as labourers was normal in these time periods for it was a necessity for the family income. Every member of a family was needed to contribute to the familys wealth in order to live comfortable and in many circumstances just scrape by. As the end of the nineteenth century was nearing, the essential role of childrens labour began to decline (Schrumpf, 2008). The shift of social roles and responsibilities brought about by war is greatly linked to the breakdown of societal structures and long-stand ing morals. Childrens involvement in war defies the established and generally accepted norms and values in regard to those responsibilities of children and adults (Honwana, 2006). When it comes to combating the prevalence of child soldiers in third world countries, it is important to consider the definitions of both a soldier and a child. Any common dictionary will define a soldier as a person who serves in an army or is engaged in any military service for a particular cause. A child on the other hand is an individual between birth and full growth, a son or a daughter with words such as foolish, petty and immature being tacked to it to portray the Westernized concept of behaviour akin to children (Collins, 2008). Therefore placing children in a position of authority over adults during war is contradictory of Westernized conceptualizations of what children are typically supposed to represent in a society. Likewise, the prevalence of child soldiers in Uganda and Sierra Leone develops a sense of patriarchy (Murphy, 2003). Modernization theory suggests that the third world should adopt the first worlds strategies for economic and societal success. This can be seen as patriarchy. In other words, this demonstrates a father-child type of relationship between the first and third world in which the first world attempts to better the third world through coercion and assimilation while not attempting to necessarily cater to cultural differences and perspectives. This is exactly what the military did to child soldiers when not considering the deleterious effects on the children which caused their failure to be reintegrated into society in turn causing economic hardship for both nations. As previously stated, Modernization theory is based solely on Eurocentric ideas of progress. This theorys goal was to create economically advanced societies with populations living according to appropriate moral codes. Firstly, child soldering can be seen as an act against Western morality. Secondly, economic modernity is seen a positive achievement. Modernization theory attempted to create a strong image of the third world to developed regions of the world and attract positive foreign investment which in turn would contribute to the poverty-stricken economies. The notion of Uganda and Sierra Leone as being incapable war-torn societies comprised of lost children unable to be reintegrated may not be as desirable for foreign investors. Research and Analysis: Child soldiering is directly related to a countrys current economical stance. The effect of war on Uganda and Sierra Leone is devastating, as the nations economy declines as capital and land are destroyed and people displaced. A high level of economic development is an important factor in establishing domestic peace. To prove this, of the ten states involved in armed conflicts from 1994-1998, no use of child combatants was evident. These places being: Cameroon, Comoros, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Mali, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal. One of the dominant shared characteristic of these ten places is that all of them had a medium rate of economic development (Hoiskar, 2001). Child soldiering has a very large impact on the economy as well as education. Injuries to human capitol could hinder a nations productivity and growth for decades (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Youths earnings noticeably drop by a third, their skilled employment halves, and schooling drops by a year. These cause consequences for lifetime labour market performance. A survey was conducted in Northern Uganda where an unpopular rebel group has forcibly recruited youth tens of thousands for twenty years. This abduction is what creates the impact on education and earnings. It is the educational deficit that largely impedes labour market success in Uganda. A widely known example is the Lords Resistance Army which was known for abducting children because child labour is widely known to be cheap and therefore benefitting of the present, already poor economy. Many of the youths were taken during night raids on rural homes, counting anywhere from 60, 000 to 80, 000 children. Abductions ranged from one day to ten years, averaging eight months approximately. Only a few mont hs after training, the children received guns. Now, no more than one thousand youth are thought to remain with the LRA at this time, the remainder being those that had perished during combat or from unsatisfactory living conditions (Annan and Blattman, 2010). This causes the interruption of education. These youth often complain of difficulty when re-entering into the school system, which creates a wide gap in education limiting their options in the labour market. Labour market performance suffers in the quality of work of child soldiers, not the quantity. This abduction appears to interrupt the ability to accumulate skills and capital and thus stalls productive employment (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Additionally, abductees are twice as likely to be illiterate than non-abductees (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Child soldiers are a known threat to national security and the stability of post-war political order, paying close attention to the lack of educated populations and increasing aggression among the nations members. This aggression is known as the gun mentality which is an adopted attitude from the military. War becomes a source of personal enrichment and empowerment. Keep in mind that many of these children are born into war and accept that war is a normal way of life. These children become motivated by patriotism and ethnic power domination which is much like brainwashing. It is unfortunate that not much commitment and sustained effort is put into reintegration of these suffering children. In Uganda and Sierra Leone, child soldiers are treated as a lost generation (Francis, 2007). Despite many opinions about child soldiers being useless, there is evidence in former-war torn and post-conflict societies that suggests ex-child soldiers can in fact be reintegrated into normal society. Th e challenges of protecting these children are important to address. Although it is difficult for international laws to be instilled in the third world due to contrasting ideals and varying definitions of what child soldiers and child labour are, what is known as paper protection is now helping to make international laws protecting children in conflict zones enforceable since 2006. It is important to remember that this is only an attempt and not a successful endeavour (Francis, 2007). Conclusion: Tasks performed by child soldiers are the new face of the traditional child labour practices across Africa, armed conflict being just an extension of these traditional practices (Francis, 2007). Although Child Soldiering is commonly addressed as an issue harmful to the children partaking in the military actions alone, this essay thoroughly demonstrated that it can also effect a countrys entire economy international investment interests. The direct and indirect effects of child soldiering on Uganda and Sierra Leones economy is evident and explored through a Modernist perspective using Rostows Modernization theory as critical analytical support. Child soldiering makes difficult the reintegration of children into society and also disadvantages children in respect to their education. Education in the army for these children is not necessary. Not only is education discouraged but these children are taken from their families and homes at a pivotal point in their adolescent school years. Children leaving the military forces in Africa face higher risk for psychological problems and alienation. They are rarely reintroduced with their family members, often because they are forced to kill them prior to entering the army. This generation of child soldiers is what the countries depend on for economic growth. If these children are already struggling with reintegration as well as obtaining their education, the countrys economical prospects seem bleak. It is for these reasons that this paper has addressed both how and why child soldiering in Uganda and Sierra Leone has lead to these nations economical and political downfalls. Reference Page Annan, Jeannie and Blattman, Christopher. (2010). The Consequences of Child Soldiering. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(2) Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162 Blattman, Christopher. (2007). Causes of Child Soldiering: Theory and Evidence From Northern Uganda. Annual Convention of International Studies, Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://www.prio.no/upload/3598/Blattman-ISA-2007 Collins Canadian English Dictionary. (2008). Child and Soldier. Harper Collins Canada. Druba, Volker. (2002). The Problem of Child Soldiering. International Review of Education, 48(3) Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://www.springerlink.com/content Finnstrom, Sverker. (2006). Wars of the Past and War in the Present: The Lords Resistance Movement/Army in Uganda. The Journal of the International African Institute, Retrieved February 20, 2011, from   http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/resolve/17500184/v76i0002/ 200_wotpawtlrmiu Francis, David J. (2007). Paper Protection mechanisms: Child Soldiers and the International Protection of Children in Africas Conflict Zones. Journal of Modern African Studies, 45(2) Retrieved February 20, 2011 from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/resolve/0022278x/v45i0002/2 07_pmcsatociacz Hoiskar. (2001). Underage and Under Fire: an Enquiry into the Use of Child Soldiers. Childhood, 8(3) Retrieved November 10, 2010, from http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/details-sfx.xqy?uri=/ Honwana, Alcinda. (2006). Child Soldiers in Africa. University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://books.google.ca Kimmel, Carrie and Roby, Jini. (2007). Institutionalized Child Abuse: the Use of Child Soldiers. International Social Work, 50(6) Retrieved November 9, 2010, from http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/details- Loughry, Maryanne and MacMullin, Colin. (2004). Investigating Psychosocial Adjustment of Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone and Uganda. Journal Of Refugee Studies, Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://journals1.scholarsportal.info/tmp/3974326444682001496.pdf Murphy, William P. (2003). Military Patrimonialism and Child Soldier Clientalism in the Liberian and Sierra Leonean Civil Wars. African Studies Review, 46(2) Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.queensu.ca/sici Schrumpf, Ellen. (2008). Child Labour in the West. Encyclopedia of Children in History and Society, Retrieved November 10, 2010 from http://www.faqs.org/childhood/Bo-Ch/Child-Labor-in-the-West.html Vautravers, Alexandre J. (2008). Why Child Soldiers are Such a Complex Issue. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 27(4) Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/details- sfx.xqy?uri=/10204067/v27i0004/96_wcsasaci.xml

The Holocaust: Buchenwald :: European Europe History

The Holocaust: Buchenwald Introduction The Holocaust is the most horrifying crime against humanity of all times. "Hitler, in an attempt to establish the pure Aryan race, decided that all mentally ill, gypsies, non supporters of Nazism, and Jews were to be eliminated from the German population.He proceeded to reach his goal in a systematic scheme." One of his main methods of "doing away" with these "undesirables" was through the use of concentration camps. "In January 1941, in a meeting with his top officials, the 'final solution' was decided". The Jewish population was to be eliminated. In this paper I will discuss concentration camps with a detailed description of the worst one prior to World War II, Buchenwald. Concentration Camps The first concentration camps were set up in 1933. In the early days of Hitler's regime, concentration camps were places that held people in protective custody. Victims for protective custody included those who were either physically or mentally ill, gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, Jews and anyone against the Nazi regime. "Gypsies were classified as people with at least two gypsy great grandparents." By the end of 1933 there were at least fifty concentration camps throughout occupied Europe. "At first, the camps were controlled by the Gestapo (police), but by 1934 the SS, Hitler's personal security force, were ordered, by Hitler, to control the camps." Camps were set up for several different purposes. Some for forced labor, others for medical experiments and, later on, for death/extermination. Transition camps were set up as holding places for death camps. "Henrick Himmler, chief of the German police, the Gestapo, thought that the camps would provide an economic base for the soldiers." This did not happen. The work force was poorly organized and working conditions were inhumane. Therefore, productivity was minimal. Camps were set up along railroad lines, so that the prisoners would be conveniently close to their destination. As they were being transported, the soldiers kept telling the Jews to have hope. When the camps were finally opened, most of the families who were shipped out together ended up being separated. Often, the transports mirrored what went on in the camps; cruelty by the officers, near starvation of those being transported, fetid and unsanitary conditions on the trains. "On the trains, Jews were starved of food and water for days. Many people did not survive the ride to arrive at the camp." Jews were forced to obey the guards' orders from the moment they arrived at the camps.

Essay --

Introduction: X-ray tubes are a critical aspect of all x-ray imaging systems and the central site of x-ray production. They are a part of the imaging system that radiologic technologists do not interact with, as it is located in protective housing and out of reach. Despite the tube’s location, it is a radiographer’s responsibility to understand its construction and operation. While not all x-ray tubes are the same, there are critical parts that all tubes must contain in order to create x-rays, such as the cathode an anode. Both the cathode and anode are considered electrodes, or conductors through which electricity enters or exits an object. X-ray tubes contain two electrodes and can be further classified as diodes. Diodes are semiconductor devices with two terminals that allow for the flow of current in only one direction. In the x-ray tube this flow is directed from cathode to anode. The purpose of this paper is to describe the different parts that make up an x-ray tube, both internally & externally, and briefly describe the role that each part of the tube plays in the in the process of x-ray production. Literature Review: X-ray tube structure can be divided into the external components, and internal components. The external components consist of the protective housing, an envelope and insulating oil. The internal components include the negatively charged cathode, and positively charged anode. External components: The components necessary for the production of x-ray are housed in a glass or metal envelope. The envelope’s primary purpose is to provide a vacuum for the x-ray tube, allowing the improved flow of electrons from cathode to anode. The envelope also provides insulation from heat and electricity given off. Dielec... ...production, while the angle of the anode interacts with x-ray photons. An anode’s angle affects both the effective focal spot size as well as the intensity of the x-ray beam that exits the tube. X-ray tubes containing rotating anodes possess an assembly of induction-motor electromagnets known as the stator and rotor, mechanisms necessary to turn the target. The stator is the only section of the cathode that is located outside of the tube envelope. It is made up of electromagnets that surround the neck of the x-ray tube. The rotor is a positively charged hollow copper cylinder attached to the anode by a molybdenum shaft. It is located within the stator and inside of the tube envelope. The rotor rotates at high speeds due to the current that runs through each stator, which induces a magnetic field that surrounds the rotor and interacts with the ferromagnetic copper.

Journey through Hell in Blood Meridian Essay -- Blood Meridian Essays

Journey through Hell in Blood Meridian Cormac McCarthy's novel Blood Meridian details what can only be described as the kid's journey through hell. Throughout the novel McCarthy gives the reader the sensation of being in hell. The is brutal and unforgiving physical setting adds a hellish atmosphere in which there is no evidence of any morals or sympathy for the innocent. Judge Holden is even described in terms reminiscent of the devil. All of these factors lead the reader to compare the kid's journey through the Mexican-American border country with a descent into hell. Blood Meridian is set in a place and time period where there was little societal structure and a lot of racial hatred. The very land that the kid travels is full of dirty saloons and people in poverty. As McCarthy writes, "bone palings ruled the small and dusty purlieus here and death seemed the most prevalent feature of the landscape" (48). The country is definitely not travel-friendly. There is an added element of godlessness in the kid's journey. When the kid signs up with a group of renegade nationalists, t...

Effective Efficient Stroke Rehabilitation Programme Health And Social Care Essay

The World Health Organisations Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke states 15 million people worldwide suffer a shot each twelvemonth, ensuing in 5 million decease and 5 million instances of lasting disablement ( Mackay & A ; Mensah, 2004 ) . The European Stroke Initiative ( EUSI ) Guidelines noted that shot is either the 2nd or 3rd highest cause of decease in industrialized states ( Hacke et al, 2003 ) . In footings of consequence of shot on society, Stroke is projected to be around 61 million Disability Adjusted Life Years ( DALYs ) worldwide by 2020, compared to 38 million in 1990 which means an addition of 60 % ( Mackay & A ; Mensah,2004 ) . Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , stroke takes the 2nd universe broad taking cause of mortality ensuing in 5.5 million deceases per twelvemonth. Two tierces of those deceases occur among people populating in developing states. In add-on, many subsisters of shot have to set to a life with changing grades of disablement ( World Health Organisation ) . In the UK shot is the 3rd most common cause of decease, and the most common cause of disablement. More than 250.000 people live with damages due to stroke. Almost tierce of the people who had a shot are left with disablements. ( The Stroke Association,2010 ) . Stroke seashore England and Wales society about ?7 billion per annum. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines Stroke as: † quickly developed clinical marks of focal ( or planetary ) perturbations of intellectual map, enduring more than 24 hours or taking to decease, with no evident cause other than vascular beginning † ( Edmans, 2001.P:1 ) The chief causes of Stroke are: 1. Ischemia taking to misdemeanor ( deficiency of bleed supply to a specific country taking to a hapless blood supply, caused by an intercalation by bosom, aorta, carotid or vertebral vass. 2. Bleeding ( shed blooding from a vas due to high blood pressure or unnatural coagulating it could be in subarachnoid, subdural, intracerebral or epidural countries ( Edmans, 2001 ) . 80 % are due to ischaemic causes and 20 % due to hemorrhagic causes. ( Bartel, 1998 ) Stroke can do any or all of the undermentioned neurological effects, which may or may non be transeunt, or even can be lasting and remain after rehabilitation ( The Stroke Association, 2010 ) : Damage or loss of esthesis in the limbs or face. Hemiplegia ( loss ) or Hemiparesis ( damage ) of motion in the limbs or face. Aphasia ( loss ) or Dysphasia ( damage ) of the ability to bring forth ( expressive ) or to understand ( receptive ) address, Dysphagia ( trouble get downing ) Apraxia ( deficiency of ) , or Dyspraxia ( damage ) in coordination of motion. Neglect ( deficiency of or decrease of consciousness of one side of the ocular fieled ) Emotional instability. Concern Incontinence or jobs with bladder control. Ocular shortages. The bulk of Stroke subsisters need Rehabilitation to better Health and minimise disablements ( Aprile, 2008 ) . As a consequence shot subsisters comprise the largest class of patient in rehabilitation ( Gnocchi et al, 2008 ) . The EUSI guidelines noted that rehabilitation demands to get down every bit shortly as the patient is stable clinically, and should go on every bit far as betterment in map is observed. Within the literature many writers define Rehabilitation ( Davis 2006 ) . ( Barne and Ward 2000 ) defined rehabilitation: † An active and dynamic procedure by which a handicapped individual is helped to get cognition and accomplishments in order to maximise physical, psychological, and societal map. It is a procedure that maximizes functional ability and minimizes disablement and disability † . ( P.4 ) In the recent twelvemonth Client centeredness has emerged as an of import rule for wellness bringing and rehabilitation services ( chooser institute, 2000 ) and it ‘s considered to be a cardinal constituent of good pattern ( Law et al, 1995 ) . Whiteneck ( 1994 ) noted that † an person should be viewed as the primary focal point of the rehabilitation and end scene procedure and subjective perceptual experience are needed to make full the spreads left by nonsubjective appraisal † ( P:1074 ) . However, the precedences between the wellness attention professionals and clients may differ, as a consequence patients may non desire to accomplish the identified end. Client centred rehabilitation has been described as a plans that helps to run into persons ( people with long term disablement ) needs, by fixing them for life in the existent universe, engagement in end planning and determination doing with wellness attention professionals, and to affect the household throughout the rehabilitation procedure ( Cott,2004 ) . The authorities modernization docket for national wellness services ( NHS ) mentioned the demand for greater partnership and engagement of service users at every degree of health care system ( Department of Health ( DOH ) , 2005 ) . Peoples with shot should hold the opportunity when possible to take determination about their intervention and attention, with partnership of health care professionals ( NICE clinical guidelines 68-stroke, 2008 ) . Stewart ( 2001 ) noted that â€Å" being patient centred really means taking into history the patients ‘ desire for information and for sharing determination devising and reacting sui tably † ( P: 445 ) . Client centred attack has been defined as one that is † based on the belief that the client is the of import individual in the relationship and that he has the resorts and ability to assist himself given the chance to make so † ( Dexter & A ; Wash 1986, P ( 17 ) cited in Sumison T,2006 P ( 5 ) ) . Client centred pattern can be described as an attack that embraces partnership with people utilizing services ( Restall et al,2003 ) , it besides offers a displacement from the traditional medical theoretical account provided by the wellness attention practicians ( Wright & A ; Rowe,2005 ) . The medical theoretical account embarrasses the position that the wellness attention professionals are the experts, who have all the power and authorization to command others. In other words clients are defined through their medical conditions ( unwellness ) and treated as dependent on the wellness attention professionals ( Barbore, 1995 ) . Hunt ( 1993 ) noted that, the medical theoretical account was the dominant position for a long clip where wellness attention professionals held the position that â€Å" rehabilitation can be used to cut down disablement be assisting people relearn accomplishments and adapt themselves to a universe in which able bodiedness is the norm † ( P: 130 ) . On the other manus the societal theoretical account argues that it is the society that disabled the individual. How the society treats disablement ( Barnes & A ; Mercer, 2003 ) . Client centred can be applied in both the social/medical theoretical account environment as it creates a natural balance between them ( Falardeau & A ; Durand, 2002 ) . Pollock ( 1993 ) noted that client centred attack takes into consideration ends that are set by the client harmonizing to his/her ain position of the job, as a consequence it encourages and increases the individuals possible and engagement during rehabilitation. In add-on puting ends may assist persons to work out his/her jobs and the feeling of control over their wellness addition. Harmonizing to the shot statistic mentioned antecedently, and the extremely cost of intervention and rehabilitation for shot subsister. Therefore, to find an effectual and efficient rehabilitation plan, might better or find efficient and effectual overall results for these turning subsisters. This thesis will consist the undermentioned chapters: the preliminary literature reappraisal where the organic structure of cognition will be discussed in deepness. This chapter sets to detect what is already known about client centred attention, its definitions, nucleus elements, barriers and restrictions, and client centred end scene, stoping with a clear statement of the research inquiry for this survey. The Methodology chapter will discourse and warrant the paradigm and methodological analysis used for this thesis and why is it appropriate for this survey. Then it will travel to the Methods chapter where the procedure of seeking the literature will be demonstrated, search term, inclusion and exclusion standards, and the chosen tools used to critically analysed, synthesise and analyze the cardinal articles. The consequences chapter will put to critically measure the cardinal articles utilizing â€Å" measure by measure † model to compare their strength and failing to be abl e to judge the consequences and findings of these surveies. In the Analysis chapter subjects and codifications that emerged from the cardinal documents will be presented, and compared harmonizing to the strength of the grounds. The treatment chapter will associate the findings and consequences from the analysis chapter ( subjects ) with what is already known about the subject from the literature reappraisal. Furthermore, restriction and recommendation for the current survey will be mentioned in this chapter. Finally, the in decision chapter the writer will summarize the findings, and do a recommendation for future academic work. WHY THIS Question Working in the UK in a neuro rehabilitation environment had been an oculus opening experience. This experience has unambiguously directed the writer towards the field of rehabilitation. What entreaties to the writer the most about rehabilitation is the client centred attack to patients attention. The purpose of this survey is to reexamine the literature about client cantered attention, taking to detect the benefits of implementing client centred attention in shot rehabilitation pattern, and what attitude should both wellness attention professionals and clients need to travel through to encompass client centred pattern. After deriving this Msc degree the writer is be aftering to travel back place and seek to implement and utilize the grounds gathered in this undertaking to educate wellness attention professional ‘s pupil. As in my state ( Jordan ) Client centred attack is non yet practised by both the persons and the professionals excessively in rehabilitation units. That means that while handling or even puting ends of a patient, household are the 1s involved chiefly in be aftering everything for the patient non the patient himself, in another words Professionals have to handle the whole household non the persons. Chapter TWO PRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter aims to put the land for the survey to be taking, by analyze the exciting cognition in client centred attack. Shadowing an overview of client centred pattern, a assortment of definition for Client centred will be discussed from medical, nursing and occupational therapy position. Subsequently on, the nucleus elements of client centred will be discussed in deepness.The chapter will besides discourse the challenges to implement client centred practise and how to get the better of them. Finally, client centred end scene will be defined and explained. By the terminal of this chapter the research inquiry will be demonstrated. Rogers theory of therapy Carl Rogers was the first to depict client centred, Rogers stated that the focal point of any intercession should be based on the clients concern â€Å" The function of the healer harmonizing to Rogers is to ease job work outing through exciting the individuals desire and ability to understand jobs and suggest solution that are appropriate for his/her life † ( jurisprudence & A ; Mills, 1998: Cited in Richared & A ; Lauri,2010 ) . Client centred therapy describes Carl Rogers manner of working with people sing jobs in populating due to personal perturbations ( Rogers,1980 Cited in Kazantzis & A ; Labate,2007 ) . In 1939, Rogers developed his ain theory of psychotherapeutics with troubled kids, so after that he tried to spread out this theory by including households, twosomes and groups. In 1959 his theory of group interaction and interpersonal relationship, every bit good as theory of motive and personality development was published. The theory of motive came up from Rogers obs ervation to clients development within the curative relation ( Kazantzis & A ; Labate, 2007 ) . Based on his experience as a clinical psychologist, Rogers noted that â€Å" individuals possess resources of self-knowledge and ego healing, and that personality alteration and developments are possible if a definable clime of facilitative conditions is present † ( Rogers, 1980 Phosphorus: 115 ) . Ryan & A ; Deci ( 2000 ) besides noted that a ego directed/driven procedure might take to a better ego apprehension and credence. Witty ( 2007 ) demonstrated that â€Å" Rogers felt that all life beings are continually realizing their potency, even under unfavorable fortunes † ( P: 36 ) . Rogers ( 1980 ) did compose about a murphy in his male child hood place: â€Å" The actualizing inclination can, offcourse, be thwarted or warped, but it can non be destroyed without destructing the being. I remember that in m boyhood, the bin in which we stored our winter ‘s supply of murphies was in the cellar, several pess below a little window. The conditions were unfavorable, but the murphies would get down to shoot pale white sprouts, so unlike the healthy green shoots they sent up when planted in the dirt in the spring. But theses sad, spindly sprouts would turn 2 or 3 pess in length as they reached towards the distant visible radiation of the window. The sprouts were in their bizarre, ineffectual growing, a kind of despairing look of the directional inclination I have been depicting. They would ne'er go workss, ne'er mature, ne'er fulfil their existent potency. But under the most inauspicious fortunes, they were stiving to go. Life would non give up, even if it could non boom†¦ .. This powerful constructive inclination is an implicit i n footing of the person-centred attack ( Rogers,1980 P:118-119 ) Overview of the client centred attention construct In 1980 Health publicity was established, it was based on, that the clients should be involved in wellness attention and to be responsible of their ain wellness, in add-on consumers right, technological revolution and human rights all of which helped to develop the construct of client centred pattern ( Gage, 1994, jurisprudence et al,1995 cited in Sumsion,2006 ) . Furthermore, the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists ( CAOT ) has embraced the construct of client centred, as in 1980 ( CAOT ) and the Department on National Health and Welfare the Guidelines for Client Centred Practice of Occupational Therapy been produced ( Richared L & A ; Lauri K, 2010 ) , in add-on The American Occupational Therapy Association ( AOTA,1998 ) , the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities ( CARF,1989 ) , and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization ( JCAHO,1992 ) all of those administrations did emphasized on the demand for client centred pattern. The chief end and purpose of The National Service Framework for Long Term Condition for people with long term conditions to to the full back up persons to be able to pull off themselves, maintain independency to acquire to the best possible quality of life. Universities are besides admiting the demand to alter the manner future healer and physicians are educated, for blink of an eye, the medical school at a Canadian university adapted a patient-centred method as the focal point of the course of study, as it acknowledge and belief that, a patient has a disease but besides an illness experience that differs from one to another ( Western Alumni,1997 ) . The above illustrations may take to a decision that client centred pattern is supported and recognised by wellness attention professionals and the wellness attention system. What is client centred pattern? Client centred attention has many definition within the literature, nevertheless, a cosmopolitan definition does non be ( Stewart, 2001 ) . Client centred pattern within occupational therapy is has been defined as â€Å" an attack to supplying occupational therapy which embraces a doctrine of regard for and partnership with people having services. It recognises the liberty of persons, the demand for client pick in doing determination about occupational demand, the strength clients bring to an occupational therapy brush and the benefits of the client healer partnership and the demand to partnership and the demand to guarantee that services are accessible and fit the context in which a client lives † P: 253 ( Law et al, 1995 cited Sumsion, 2006 Phosphorus: 5 ) . In add-on Sumsions ( 2000 ) conducted a interviews to find how client centred was define by occupational healer, and concluded the undermentioned definition of client centred pattern is â€Å" a partnership between the client and the healer the empowers the client to prosecute in functional public presentation to carry through his or her occupational regulations in a assortment of environments, the clients participates actively in negociating ends which are given precedence and are at the Centre of appraisal, intercession and rating. Throughout the procedure the healer listen to and esteem the clients value, adapt the intercessions to run into the client ‘s demands and enables the client to do informed determination † ( Sumsion, 2000 cited in Sumsion & A ; Law, 2006 ) ( P:308 ) .The British Association of Occupational healer ( 1994 ) definition of client centred pattern is † the re-design of patient attention so that infirmary resorts and personal attention are organised around patients instead than around assorted specialised section † ( P:1 ) . The College of Occupational Therapist supports the client-centred attack to intercession by saying within the codification of mor alss and professional behavior that service should be client-centred and needs led ( College of Occupational healers 2000 ) . In medical specialty, patient centred attack was seen as â€Å" the physician attempts to bury the patients universe to see the unwellness through the patients eyes † ( Mcwhinney,1989 cited in Mead & A ; Bower, 2000 ) . In the medical literature client centred pattern focal points on the issues of communicating between the wellness attention professionals ( Doctors ) and clients which is one constituent of client centeredness. Finally, in nursing literature client centred attention is a doctrine of attention, which includes the emotional, religious, societal and the physical demands of the client, and a common coaction between the client and wellness attention professionals ( Nurses ) ( Millers & A ; Koop, 1984 ) The above definitions might take to a decision that communicating, partnership and regard for patients is a nucleus demand for client centred attention. The end of client-centred pattern is to explicate a stamp, lovingness, and authorising environment in which clients direct all of the procedure attention to rush the healing results ( Matheis-Kraft et Al, 1990 ) . In order for this to go on a repositioning in power should reassign from the healer to the client, with single authorization as cardinal ( Gage and Polatajko, 1995 ) . Larsson Lund et Al ( 2001 ) mentioned that the client should be the one in charged over their wellness because the quality of life is more indispensable than curative jobs. Clients can take part in client centred pattern by being involved actively in treatment ( Degnen, 2002 ) , intervention planes and end settings. ( Gage,1994 ) . Stewart ( 2001 ) noted that â€Å" being patient centred really means taking into history the patients desire for information and for sharing determination devising and reacting suitably † ( P:445 ) One of the cardinal values of client-centred attack is for wellness attention professionals to bury patients universe through seeing their unwellness from the patients eyes ( Brown et al, 1989 ) , McCracken et Al ( 1983 ) besides agree with this value, by saying that client-centred attack is based on, that wellness attention professionals have to understand the unwellness from the patients perspective, non merely construing the unwellness from the medical point of position. Health attention professionals should seek to spread out the illness experience of patients by holding a clear thought about the patient ‘s feelings, frights and thoughts about what is incorrect, outlooks from wellness attention professionals and how did their unwellness affect on their operation ( Watson et al, 1989 ) . Core elements of client centred pattern Sumsion & A ; Law ( 2006 ) where the one time who delineated the five nucleus constructs of client centred pattern: a figure of old surveies came out with the same thoughts This is besides referred in the literature reappraisal where it had been stated that.. Power To understand the influence of power is a cardinal value to implementing and apprehension of client centred pattern. Control, strength and fight are cardinal constructs within the thought of power. To implement a client centred pattern wellness attention professionals needs to understand the balance of power between clients and healer ( Honey,1999 ) , the balance of power within client centred pattern means a displacement in power from the rigorous traditional medical paradigm to one the dressed ores on the clients need ( Falardeau & A ; Durand,2002 ) . nevertheless, Corring ( 1996 ) cited in sumsion & A ; jurisprudence ( 2006 ) found that wellness attention professionals might hold the power over the clients and that clients are disempowered by the wellness attention system, French ( 1994 ) agreed with Corring ( 1996 ) and did depict the relationship between healer and clients as â€Å" is an unequal relationship with the professionals keeping most of the power. Traditionally profe ssional workers have defined, planed and delivered services, while handicapped people have been inactive receivers with small if any chance to exert control † . ( p103 ) . Once this power is accepted and understood from both the clients and wellness attention professionals, both can work collaboratively and clients can command their ain wellness and go equal spouse in wellness attention alternatively of ever seeking aid from professionals ( Sumsion, 1999 ) . Listening and pass oning Effective communicating by utilizing the appropriate linguistic communication is a cardinal component to see an effectual coaction and partnership between wellness attention professionals and clients ( Townsend,1998 ) , this communicating includes clients, his/her household and all of the squad member ( Kraft M et al,1990 ) , listening is an of import facet of communicating ( Webster,2001 ) , which can be addressed by leting the client to show his/her values, beliefs and issues they are confronting, sing his/her experience with damage ( Harrison,2001 ) , in order for this to go on healer should be patient and take clip to listen even though if what is expressed does non do sense to therapist. Otherwise, clients might experience non valued or respected ( Hanman, 2001 ) , as consequence, healer may experience pressured as they might happen it hard to give clients sufficient clip, ( Fondiller, Rosage & A ; Neuhaus, 1990 ( P:51 ) stated this remark â€Å" When clip is measured in 15 uni ts how can at that place be patient centred intervention? † Therefore, the wellness attention professionals might confront the challenge to alter the traditional relation with clients and switch it towards partnership ( Rosenbaum et al, 1998 ) which is traveling to be discussed following. Partnership Professional and affectional partnership between the client and wellness attention professional is needed to see that maximal attention is provided ( Levitan,1997 ) , in client centred pattern clients should play the major and active function in settings ends and results, on the other manus wellness attention professionals are the expert that provides information, cognition and intervention to assist clients to travel on ( Rosenbaum et al,1998 ) , being client centred is clip devouring, nevertheless the clip spent will heighten the relationship between clients and wellness attention professionals, which will take to a long term benefits ( Joness et al,2004 ) . The construct of client centred requires a partnership between health care professionals and the client, this partnership is chiefly based on healer willingness to listen to the clients point o position and position about disability/impairment and what is his/her experience of being disabled/impaired like ( Sumsion & A ; law,20 06 ) Choice Choice is an of import and a cardinal component in client centred pattern, nevertheless pick component depends on the degree of unwellness or disablement, and the capability/ability of client to do determination. Health attention professional should include a scope of picks for the client to take from throughout the intercession procedure ( Sumsion & A ; Law,2006 ) , and to bare on head that each client is a alone person who should be provided with the information in a apprehensible, and afford the client the opportunity and chance to take the best class of action harmonizing to his/her values and wants ( Law, Baptiste & A ; Mills,1995 ) Hope â€Å" Hope is the outlook that something good will go on in the hereafter and that the client ca n't populate without it â€Å" ( Von gunten, 2002 Phosphorus: 1421 ) . Throughout client centred pattern, it is of import for clients to keep hope. Health attention professionals should understand the importance of spiritualty in each client, and to show regard for client ‘s personal definition of hope and position on each client ‘s journey towards health ( Sumsion & A ; jurisprudence, 2006 ) . Bays ( 2001 ) see religious strength as a cardinal constituent o hope. Spirit is recognised as â€Å" the goaded force and motive for a individual to happen significance and intent in life † ( Engquist et al, 1997 ) . Furthermore, † Each persons spirit is expressed through his or her battle in mundane life, that is, his/her occupational public presentation in work, self-care and leisure † ( Egan & A ; Delaat,1994 ( P:100 ) . Hope is a of import issue for clients, ( Bays 2001, P: 26 ) stated â€Å" if you do n't hold the hope so you will be wholly lost â€Å" Client centred end scene Barnes & A ; Ward ( 2000 ) did describe end scene as â€Å" the kernel of rehabilitation † ( P: 8 ) . Goal scenes helps to ease a client centred attack in rehabilitation, as it could be adapted to the client harmonizing to his/her damage ( Malec, 1999 ) , it besides provides a manner to mensurate the advancement in rehabilitation, and the effectivity of the chosen rehabilitation plans ( Lannin, 2003 ) . A successful rehabilitation is the 1 that is based on squad coaction, client oriented, and taking to aim the end instead than happening a solution for the job ( Gage, 1994 ) . Goals are a major constituent of the rehabilitation procedure. The rehabilitation squad normally have a common end to the patient, that ‘s why it is of import to include the patient in the goal-setting procedure ( Wade, 1998 ) . Pollock ( 1993 ) noted that, patients should be the one to put the ends so he/she could work out their ain jobs, otherwise the patient will get down experiencing that they are non commanding their wellness. Furthermore, claims that, there might be an addition in patient engagement in the rehabilitation procedure, if patients did take part to put their ain ends and determination devising. Barriers to implementing client centred pattern Knowledge about implementing client centred over the past two decennaries has grown well ( Sumsion & A ; Law, 2006 ) , there are many issues that wellness attention professional must turn to before seeking to implement client centred pattern ( Sumsion,2006 ) , these issues and barriers may be due to the client, the healer and the on the job environment ( Law & A ; Britten,1995 ) . Sumsion T ( 2006 ) noted that the barriers to client centred pattern were found when the wellness attention professionals and clients had different ends, when the wellness attention professional do n't accept the clients end, Lack of clip and ability to construct resonance with clients, wellness attention professionals lack the cognition about client centred pattern, and when the health care professional feels unhappy and uncomfortable to allow the clients put their ain ends. To get the better of these barriers he recommended the demand of direction, instruction, support, preparation in client centred pattern, and holding a structured doctrine. A survey done by Sumison & A ; Smyth ( 2000 ) among 60 occupational healers utilizing a postal questionnaire in the United Kingdom, in which healer ranked 16 barriers to client centred pattern identified from the literature, the three highest barriers were: wellness attention professional and the client have different end heath attention professionals beliefs and value prevent them from accepting the client end Health attention professionals feel uncomfortable allowing clients to make up one's mind in their ain about his/her ends. Moats ( 2007 ) noted that clients with cognitive damages might do unrealistic and insecure picks, doing a restriction while seeking to implement client centred attention. A expolarity survey was conducted by Wressle & A ; Henriksson ( 1999 ) with geriatric shot patient during rehabilitation plan suggest that, clients normally do n't take part in end preparation and intervention program, they besides put frontward the demand of holding a construction theoretical account and doctrine to prosecute clients in the rehabilitation plan. At the administration degree, Gage ( 1994 ) noted that a deficiency of interdisciplinary attention helping is considered to be a barrier of implementing client centred pattern, furthermore Wressler & A ; Samuelsson ( 2004 ) high spots that the deficiency of understanding about what is client centred pattern in general besides considered to be a barrier. In add-on, clip force per unit area placed on wellness attention professional might besides be a important factor that holds client centred pattern back ( Stewart et al, 2003 ) . From the old treatment it may non be easy nor simple to implement a client centred attack ( Sumsion,2006 ) . Decision This chapter has provided an penetration into the different facet of client centred pattern, which will function as a base to steer the remainder of the survey. This survey will take a close expression at the benefits of client centred attack in pattern, this will be done by seeking to reply the undermentioned inquiry: how does research underpin the usage of client centred attack?